Synonyms for DICTATORSHIP: tyranny, autocracy, fascism, authoritarianism, totalitarianism, despotism, absolutism, autarchy; Antonyms of DICTATORSHIP: democracy . Charles Taylor Country: Liberia Charles McArthur Ghanakay Taylor's life story is akin to that of a movie. 10. [18], A classification of dictatorships, which began with political scientist Barbara Geddes in 1999, focuses on where power lies. The communist and fascist dictatorships that arose in various technologically advanced countries in the first half of the 20th century were distinctively different from the authoritarian regimes of Latin America or the postcolonial dictatorships of Africa and Asia. [95] A similar phenomenon took place in Korea, where Kim Il-sung created a Soviet-backed communist dictatorship in North Korea[96] and Syngman Rhee created a US-backed nationalist dictatorship in South Korea. Parliamentary democracy is the same as semi-presidential but has heads of state which are not popularly elected for a fixed term, typically either monarchs or officials not chosen by popular elections. Given the degree of censorship and control China's government leverages over its citizens, most political experts would call it a dictatorship. Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi C Cabo Verde Cambodia Cameroon Canada Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Costa Rica Cte d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus North Korea - One man Dictatorship 2. Here are fifteen of the worst dictators from the 20 th century and what makes them stand out for censure. He assumed office in August 1979 and has remained in power since then. A presidential democracy has a government that does not need the majority support of a legislature to stay in power. Semi-competitive elections also have the effect of incentivizing members of the ruling party to provide better treatment of citizens so they will be chosen as party nominees due to their popularity. Dictatorships arise through violence or non-violent means, but they almost always result in the loss of liberties, corruption, and human rights abuses. ", "The Cromwellian Protectorate: A Military Dictatorship? Examples might include King Cyrus the Great of Persia, who is thought to have created the first declaration of human rights, the Biblical King Solomon, Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius, and Singapore's Prime Minister Lee Kwan Yue. Perhaps someday some of these modern dictatorships will cast off their dictators and embrace a more democratic and inclusive form of government. The totalitarian dictatorship of Adolf Hitler in Germany , from 1933 to 1945. "Tyrants, the World's 20 Worst Living Dictators", by David Wallechinsky, ranked Biya together with three others mainly in sub-Saharan Africa: Robert Mugabe of Zimbabwe, Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo of Equatorial Guinea, and King Mswati of Swaziland. [142] Dictatorships may influence the results of an election through electoral fraud, intimidation or bribing of candidates and voters, use of state resources such as media control, manipulation of electoral laws, restricting who may run as a candidate, or disenfranchising demographics that may oppose the dictatorship. Below are the world's most authoritarian regimes: 21. [2] The inner circle's support is necessary for a dictator's orders to be carried out, causing elites to serve as a check on the dictator's power. Personalist dictatorships are more common in Sub-Saharan Africa due to less established institutions in the region. The Five Kinds of Dictatorship 1. Through the ages, Algeria, officially People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country in North Africa on the Mediterranean coast. The earliest military dictatorships developed in the post-classical era, particularly in Shogun-era Japan and in England under Cromwell. They are in civil war, but the dictator is. [87], The decolonisation of Africa prompted the creation of new governments, many of which became dictatorships in the 1960s and 1970s. [1]:70. A political rival accused Obiang of cannibalism in 2004, but no evidence to support the claim has ever surfaced. [76][77] The Russian Revolution inspired a wave of left-wing revolutionary movements in Europe between 1917 and 1923, but none saw the same level of success. [126] Some of the most ruthless examples of repression in recent history were repression by hunger. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Dictatorships can be formed by a military coup that overthrows the previous government through force or by a self-coup in which elected leaders make their rule permanent. The fascist dictatorship of Benito Mussolini in Italy , from 1943 to 1945. Communist dictatorships in the region aligned with China following the latter's establishment as a communist state. He all but eradicated corruption. It was initially aligned with Yugoslavia, but its alignment shifted throughout the Cold War between Yugoslavia, the Soviet Union, and China. #SOSCuba. Adolf Hitler - WORST DICTATOR. There are many countries that can be considered dictatorships, including North Korea, Cuba, and Venezuela. The 10 most capitalist nations in the world Samantha Menzies 22 February 2016, 7:39 pm The 10 most capitalist nations in the world Capitalism is thriving in many parts of the world, with the list. [124], The type of economy in a dictatorship can affect how it functions. Hybrid dictatorships: What it's like to live under a Dictatorship. Allowing the opposition to have representation in the regime, such as through a legislature, further reduces the likelihood of terrorist attacks in a dictatorship. One of the reasons for this is the fact that the military often has more cohesion and institutional structure than most of the civilian institutions of society. The term dictatorship originates from its use in the Roman Republic. The 20th century saw the rise of fascist and communist dictatorships in Europe; fascism was eradicated in the aftermath of World War II in 1945, while communism spread to other continents, maintaining prominence until the end of the Cold War in 1991. Since the Korean War, North Korea has been ruled by a series of autocratic leaders. They are more likely to end in violence and less likely to democratize than other forms of dictatorship. Dictators are usually backed (especially financially) by groups of powerful people. Nigeria - 1966 to 1975 - Yakubu Gowon. [42] Within a personalist regime an issue called "The dictators dilemma" arises. For dictatorships, monarchic, military and civilian dictatorship. Functioning of government: 3.57. [27] One-party rule also developed in several countries in Africa during decolonization in the 1960s and 1970s, some of which produced authoritarian regimes. Here is a list of the ten worst dictators that Africans have ever seen in their history. [101] Albania was established as a communist dictatorship under Enver Hoxha in 1944. In some cases, nations may have multiple ruling bodies or government types, meaning they're not exclusively countries that are governed by dictatorships. Like right-wing, it is not a copyrighted term. Dictatorships suffer from an obvious and significant imbalance of power. Many are noted for their cruelty, while others are honored as national heroes. [126] For dictatorships, societal compliance is necessary for the ruling entity to maintain its desired order, laws, revenue, and policies. Parties that take power through violence are often able to implement larger changes in a shorter period of time. [145] Opposition parties in dictatorships may be restricted by preventing them from campaigning, banning more popular opposition parties, preventing opposition members from forming a party, or requiring that candidates be a member of the ruling party. [1] Popularly elected means that the head of state is directly elected by the citizens or elected by an assembly which then elects them (an example being the electoral college in the United States). The military takes control of the country (usually through a direct coup), installs the dictator of its choosing (typically the highest-ranking military officer), and uses force of arms to preserve its power. Giving ultimate power and control to just one person is not ideal, as it can lead to future unrest and problems. Multiple political parties may exist, but one dominates the government, makes all the rules, is free to disseminate propaganda, and controls every aspect of every election (which may offer voters only a single candidate), thereby ensuring they win every time. As of 2020, there are 52 nations with a dictator or authoritarian regime ruling the country: Three in Latin America and South America, 27 in Asia and the Middle East, and 22 in Africa. These movements were a response to what they perceived as decadence and societal decay due to the changing social norms and race relations brought about by liberalism. This is a list of famous examples of fascism across history. Myanmar has been thrown into the darkness of the military dictatorship once again as this morning, the military junta arrested "The daughter of democracy" Aung San Suu Kyi and reinstated the military rule. 10. A personalist dictator will manage these appointees by segmenting the government so that they cannot collaborate. Among the 10 dictatorship countries profiled, poverty is endemic. Infamous dictators of the world are often thought of as tyrants - leaders who rule with iron fists, cruelty, unflinching authority, and a lack of opposition. Today, they are "elected," as true democracies helplessly look on . As of early 2022, the countries of Afghanistan, Eritrea, North Korea, and Turkmenistan are the only nations in the world whose governments are generally considered to be totalitarian dictatorships. Human habitation in Afghanistan dates back to the Middle Paleolithic Era, and the country's strategic location along the Silk Road connected it to the cultures of the Middle East and other parts of Asia. He was a German legislator, organizer of Nazi party and furthermore filled in as Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945. Organizations that maintain moral authority with the public, such as the Church, are often the most targeted by infiltration. [126]This tactic involves policies on land reform, poverty alleviation, public health, housing, education, and employment programs that force citizens to be dependent on the state for relatively adequate living standards. 1 Norway 2 Iceland 3 Sweden 4 New Zealand 5 Denmark =6 Canada =6 Ireland 8 Australia =9 Switzerland =9 Finland These movements supported pan-Arab Nasserism during most of the Cold War, but they were largely replaced by Islamic nationalism by the 1980s. 1. With a total area of 2,381,741 square kilometres, 90% of which is desert, Algeria is the tenth-largest country in the world, and the largest in Arab world and Africa and on the Mediterranean. [81] These reforms incorporated totalitarianism, fealty to the state, expansionism, corporatism, and anti-communism. Since 1945 Latin America, Africa, and the Middle East have been common areas for all military dictatorships. One person holds all of the country's power. Syria - Well, it depends. [111][112][113] Latin America saw a period of liberalization similar to that of Europe at the end of the Cold War, with Cuba being the only Latin American country that did not experience any degree of liberalization between 1992 and 2010. The head of state in most parliamentary democracies formally appoint the head of government. [52], Dictatorship is historically associated with the Ancient Greek concept of tyranny, and several ancient Greek rulers have been described as "tyrants" that are comparable to modern dictators. This may sound like a contradiction of terms to many people. In fact, most dictators adopt common appellations such as "President" or "Prime Minister", so they must be identified via their actions and policies rather than their title. [75] Lenin was followed by Joseph Stalin in 1924, who consolidated total power and implemented totalitarian rule by 1929. In their book "Dictators and Dictatorships: Understanding Authoritarian Regimes and Their Leaders", authors Natasha M. Ezrow and Erica Frantz lay out five types of dictatorships: Power is obtained and maintained through military might. He took control of the nation in 1973 after leading a coup that deposed elected leftist leader Salvador Allende. [102] The stability of the Soviet Union weakened in the 1980s. Keep note that the head of state, chief executive, government, and legislatures can have their official names be seemingly contradictory to this classification. The legislature must be popularly elected. Africa has several long-standing dictators despite the fact that the continent as a whole is quite volatile politically. In the 19th century, settlers slowly and hesitantly began to establish themselves in. Military dictatorships are controlled by military officers, one-party dictatorships are controlled by the leadership of a political party, and personalist dictatorships are controlled by a single individual. Democracy-Dictatorship (DD),[1] index of democracy and dictatorship[2] or simply the DD index[3] or the DD datasets was the binary measure of democracy and dictatorship first proposed by Adam Przeworski et al. When necessary, a dictator may also make an effort to replace or amend the nation's constitution to empower, enrich, or otherwise benefit the dictator and his/her allies to a greater degree. [1]:71. In democracies, the threat of a military coup is associated with the period immediately after a democracy's creation but prior to large-scale military reforms. [145] Dictatorships may hold semi-competitive elections to qualify for foreign aid, to demonstrate a dictator's control over the government, or to incentivize the party to expand its information-gathering capacity, particularly at the local level. Between 1967 and 1991, 12 Latin American countries underwent at least one military coup, with Haiti and Honduras experiencing three and Bolivia experiencing eight. The dictator maintains control by influencing and appeasing the inner circle while repressing any opposition, which may include rival political parties, armed resistance, or disloyal members of the inner circle. Kim Jong-Il (1.6 million deaths) Kim Jong-il in 2010. The country is bordered in the northeast by Tunisia, in the east by Libya, in the west by Morocco, in the southwest by Western Sahara, Mauritania, and Mali, in the southeast by Niger, and in the north by the Mediterranean Sea. Russia is a federal semi-presidential republic and an oligarchy. An alternation in power under electoral rules identical to the ones that brought the incumbent to office must have taken place. This page was last edited on 4 March 2023, at 02:19. What are the countries with a democracy government? China's constitution calls its government a "people's democratic dictatorship." [119][120][121][122], Most dictatorships exist in countries with high levels of poverty. Donal Blaine Aidan Cinhil Haldane, 24th king of Gwynedd, reigned 1074 to 1095. [56] Caesar subverted the tradition of temporary dictatorships when he was made dictator perpetuo, or a dictator for life, which led to the creation of the Roman Empire. The required majority needed to remove the sitting government varies between countries but is termed a vote of no confidence. Dictatorships seem much more extreme and unethical to people who enjoy the privilege of an outside perspective. [28] Due to the structure of their leadership, one-party dictatorships are significantly less likely to face civil conflict, insurgency, or terrorism than other forms of dictatorship. [149] Military and one-party dictatorships are more likely to experience terrorism than personalist dictatorships, as these regimes are under more pressure to undergo institutional change in response to terrorism.[150]. Political culture: 5.00. An appropriate example of this occurred in 2020 when Russian president Vladimir Putin and his party introduced amendments to the country's constitution that reworked term limits, enabling Putin to remain in power until 2036. There are currently 22 dictators in Africa, some worse than others. For democracies, it categorizes them into three types: parliamentary, semi-presidential and presidential democracies. Many of these governments fell under the control of caudillos, or personalist dictators. in Turkey, Kamal Pasha, established his dictatorship in 1921 and he remained in power till his death in 1938. From the outside looking in, life within a dictatorship appears akin to being in a toxic relationship or living situation. Dominant-party dictatorships or electoral authoritarian dictatorships are one-party dictatorships in which opposition parties are nominally legal but cannot meaningfully influence government. The Countries with Dictatorships in the Modern World As of 2020, there are 52 nations with a dictator or authoritarian regime ruling the country: Three in Latin America and South America, 27 in Asia and the Middle East, and 22 in Africa. Right now, 74% families are homeowners. This article focuses on the five communist countries that are still adherent to Marxism-Leninism. The type of dictatorship a country is ruled by typically comes down to the methods the dictator used to obtain power and how they go about maintaining it. ( 1, 2, 3) 5 Paul Kagame, the 60-year-old President of Rwanda, has been in power since 1994 when his rebel army ended the genocide which had killed 800,000 people. [137] In the 21st century, dictatorships have moved toward greater integration with the global community and increasingly attempt to present themselves as democratic. After authoritarian monarchies, these tend to be the longest-lasting dictatorships, as they can more easily install a new dictator if the existing one leaves office (rare) or dies. However, many people in long-running dictatorships such as North Korea and Cameroon have never experienced anything else, so living in a dictatorship is much less jarring and shocking to them. [62][63][64] Maximilien Robespierre has been similarly described as a dictator while he controlled the National Convention in France and carried out the Reign of Terror in 1793 and 1794. [94], Marxist and nationalist movements became popular in Southeast Asia as a response to colonial control and the subsequent Japanese occupation of Southeast Asia, with both ideologies facilitating the creation of dictatorships after World War II. Those who believe that he is a dictator argue that he imprisons his opponents, removed freedom of speechthe press can only publish what he allows them toand has restructured the government to give himself more and longer-lasting power. Examples of Fascism. [97], The Middle East was decolonized during the Cold War, and many nationalist movements gained strength post-independence. Military dictatorships are more prone to conflict due to the inherent military strength associated with such a regime, and personalist dictatorships are more prone to conflict due to the weaker institutions to check the dictator's power. His wealth is estimated to be approximately $600 million. He arose to power in Italy in 1922, following the so-called 'March on Rome', in which his . Far-left and far-right dictatorships used similar methods to maintain power, including cult of personality, concentration camps, forced labour, mass murder, and genocide. The dictator is the absolute ruler. If it is, then a further distinction is made between democracies where the head of state is popularly elected and those where the head of state is not popularly elected. While the People's Republic of China was initially aligned with the Soviet Union, relations between the two countries deteriorated as the Soviet Union underwent de-Stalinization in the late-1950s. He became the 22nd president of Liberia on August 2, 1997 and served until August 11, 2003. Most caudillos came from a military background, and their rule was typically associated with pageantry and glamor. [6], The opposition to a dictatorship represents all of the factions that are not part of the dictatorship and anyone that does not support the regime. "[6], For a regime to be considered as a democracy by the DD scheme, it must meet the requirement of four rules below:[1]:69[3], Some regimes may meet the first three rules, but lack an alternation in power in its historical past; these regimes are classified as dictatorships because of cases where the incumbent only allows elections as long as they keep winning, and would refuse to step down if they lost. These individuals form an inner circle, making up a class of elites that hold a degree of power within the dictatorship and receive benefits in exchange for their support. The . Some of the principal drivers of indoctrination are mass education policies, propaganda, and censorship. Duterte is the perfect example of a . [84] Other nationalist movements in Europe established dictatorships based on the fascist model. Most of them are characterized by a single leader with either no party or one that is weak. [59] Shoguns were de facto military dictators in Japan beginning in 1185 and continuing for over six hundred years. Repression can encompass actual or threatened physical violence such as arrests, assassinations, torture, beatings, disappearances, mass killings, and forced exile. Skyline of Downtown Dubai with Burj Khalifa from a Helicopter. Adolf Hitler known for his Nazi party and the barbarities and fierceness during his autocracy rule. [87] Populist movements were strengthened following the economic turmoil of the Great Depression, producing populist dictatorships in several Latin American countries. REUTERS/Myo Kyaw Soe. [141] Should a dictatorship fail, elections also permit dictators and elites to accept defeat without fearing violent recourse. Brion Donal Cinhil Urien Haldane, 25th king of Gwynedd, reigned 1095 to 1120. [100] Josip Broz Tito declared a communist government in Yugoslavia during World War II, which was initially aligned with the Soviet Union. Some of the most famous dictators in history include Adolf Hitler, Joseph Stalin, and Saddam Hussein. [127], Indoctrination is the inculcation of citizens on specific values and ideas beneficial to the dictatorships needs and desires. Click to visit dictatorship | Definition, Characteristics, Countries Elites are also the primary political threats of a dictator, as they can leverage their power to influence or overthrow the dictatorship. Due to it, the countries went towards dictatorship. Olessia Kirtchik, Mariana Heredia, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition), 2015. Even in today's modern world, where freedom is prized and respected, you will still find examples of dictatorship governments around the globe. [38] Due to the lack of accountability and the smaller group of elites, personalist dictatorships are more prone to corruption than other forms of dictatorship,[39] and they are more repressive than other forms of dictatorship. Venezuela has a presidential government. Political control is any tactic through which the state seeks to gain compliance from society. [68] The Spanish American wars of independence took place in the early-19th century, creating many new Latin American governments. [4] Though the most recent data set is only updated for 2008, there is planning by Cheibub to update it to the present year. Personalistic dictatorships: 4. Some have been in power for decades, such as President Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo of Equatorial New Guinea. The theories about society, capital and labor got turned into a dictatorship, genocide, and poverty. This makes it distinct from constitutional monarchy and ceremonial monarchy. (2010), Cheibub, Gandhi, and Vreeland developed a six-fold regime classification scheme, resulting what the authors called as the DD datasets. There's no room for opposition or . Personalist regimes diverge from other regimes when it comes to their longevity, methods of breakdown, levels of corruption, and proneness to conflicts. Early African dictatorships were primarily personalist socialist dictatorships, in which a single socialist would take power instead of a ruling party. [135] Negotiated removals are more likely to end in democracy, while removals by force are more likely to result in a new dictatorial regime. Adolf Hitler - 1889-1945. [107] The development of the internet and digital communication in the 21st century have prompted dictatorships to shift from traditional means of control to digital ones, including the use of artificial intelligence to analyze mass communications, internet censorship to restrict the flow of information, and troll farms to manipulate public opinion. [92] Deng Xiaoping took power as the de facto leader of China after Mao's death and implemented reforms to restore stability following the Cultural Revolution and reestablish free market economics. [73], The first communist state was created by Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks with the establishment of Soviet Russia during the Russian Revolution in 1917. Political participation: 2.22. China - Communist Regime 4. Explore a few of the famous ones. Many dictatorships are also characterized by corruption, nepotism, and a cult of personality around the leader. He responded by ordering the confiscation of food, impossible farming yield quotas, banning private farming for substenance, and introducing internal passports and residency permits, which prevented villagers from seeking food elsewhere. Several dictatorships have persisted into the 21st century, particularly in Africa and Asia. The Soviet economy became unsustainable, and communist governments lost the support of intellectuals. In practice, it is often defined as people choosing their leaders in free and fair elections. Between the 1990s and the 2000s, most dictators moved away from being "larger-than-life figures" that controlled the populace through terror and isolated themselves from the global community. [57] The rule of a dictator was not necessarily considered tyrannical in Ancient Rome, though it has been described in some accounts as a "temporary tyranny" or an "elective tyranny". A dictator may address the opposition by repressing it through force, modifying laws to restrict its power, or appeasing it with limited benefits. Mussolini abolished democracy in Italy in 1922 and became a dictator. Dictators typically retain their power by silencing any opposition to their rulings and guidelines. Single-party dictatorships are one-party states in which only the party in power is legalized and all opposition parties are banned. [8]:456. Monarchies: 3. [99] A 1953 coup overseen by the American and British governments restored Mohammad Reza Pahlavi as the absolute monarch of Iran, who in turn was overthrown during the Iranian Revolution of 1979 that established Ruhollah Khomeini as the Supreme Leader of Iran under an Islamist government. [7] The opposition can be an external group, or it can also include current and former members of the dictator's inner circle. [1][8]:454 It is important to note that these names do not have to correspond to the official or colloquial titles of any of the countries offices. [1]:68. [16], Most dictatorships are formed through military means or through a political party. They are often unstable, and the average duration of a military dictatorship is only five years, but they are often followed by additional military coups and military dictatorships. [80] Italian dictator Benito Mussolini seized power in 1922, and began implementing reforms in 1925 to create the first fascist dictatorship. [104] A one-party communist dictatorship was formed in Cuba when a US-backed dictatorship was overthrown in the Cuban Revolution, creating the only Soviet-backed dictatorship in the western hemisphere. These countries maintain parliaments and human rights organizations, but these remain under the control of the countries' respective dictators. [11][12] He describes totalitarian regimes as exercising control over politics and political mobilization rather than merely suppressing it. Its goal is to force compliance by demobilizing or annihilating actors of opposition. Examples include the Personalist/Military dictatorship of Pakistan from 1977 to 1988 and the Single-Party/Military hybrid that controlled El Salvador from 1948 to 1984. The power structures of dictatorships vary, and different definitions of dictatorship consider different elements of this structure. While autocratic countries are not always malevolent, they often still encounter resistance from citizens who would prefer to have a greater say in the government's policy-making process. The expected result is to coerce citizens into complying with the dictatorships demands in order to benefit from the state-controlled resources. Like the two individuals above, Imelda Marcos gained her power through being the wife of a military dictator. [4] A unified inner circle has the capacity to overthrow a dictator, and the dictator must make greater concessions to the inner circle to stay in power. African Dictators While common in the 20th century, the prominence of military dictatorships declined in the 1970s and 1980s. The classification depends on the rules outlining the relationship between a country's government, legislative assembly (often called the legislature), and head of state.
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